Chromium carbides are softer than vanadium carbides and therefore contribute less to wear resistance. SPIRIT DEED Bohler M390 Steel Frame Lock EDC Folding Pocket Knife with Sheath for Men and Women Survival,4in Tanto Blade,Titanium Handle Japanese Style Knives for Camping and Hunting. I often reference this article, which has similar charts. I continued on cutting and checking every 20 cuts for down force and edge damage along the way. With S110 you have to battle burrs just like S30. I have also used VG-10 a lot, and yes that steel does hold an edge slightly better but it isn’t a huge gap like some would have you believe. Even with it being a non-stainless steel, M390, CPM-20V, and CTS-204P still don't perform as well. As mentioned in the niobium section, there are limits to niobium alloying with typical powder metallurgy steel production. Best wheel for Ultra Premium (S110V, S90v, M390, etc) « on: January 24, 2019, 07:40:26 am » I'm ready to purchase a T-8, but I am in the initial stage of learning about different grinding materials for working on the higher end blades I have (S110V, S90v, M390… https://www.patreon.com/Knifesteelnerds, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window). Main Menu. This is the only example of using cobalt for this purpose in a stainless tool steel that I am aware of, and is one of the biggest innovations of S110V in my opinion. S110V; Sort by: S110V. Good to hear so far. S110V=26 Maxamet=24 M390=26. M390 is a martensitic chromium steel highly resistant to corrosion. Bohler M390 is widely revered as being the best all-around knife steel, which has led top companies to widely utilize it in higher end knives. The carbide volume of S110V is closer to S125V which is significantly coarser. s r.o., Komořanská 326/63, Praha 4, tel. Current steels in use- CPM- S90V, CPM S110V, CPM REX 76, CPM 20CV, AEB-L, D2, 440C, 1095, 52100. However, this steel has high hardness and corrosion resistance which can mean excess retained austenite which sometimes leads to inflated toughness values. Settings. I have a spreadsheet of all of the heat treatments I have done in the past along with ThermoCalc estimates of elements in solution. There are other elements that can stabilize austenite as well, notably carbon, nickel, and manganese, though those elements also increase retained austenite. M390 vs S110V: I have a knife with M390. S90V offers somewhat better toughness and edge retention making it more balanced for applications that need only medium corrosion resistance. You can see that S90V and S110V are along a similar trendline (only the 2150 condition of S110V is shown). But the chromium increase was more than was necessary to achieve a similar amount of chromium in solution (see the table below), and they also decreased the Mo content by a similar amount to how much the Cr was increased (from 3.5 to 2.25%), so the reason for that change is not completely clear to me. Therefore, the approach with S110V was to have a combination of vanadium and niobium to improve corrosion resistance as much as possible while avoiding issues that come along with excess niobium. 3.07" (78mm) Weight. This means for the consumer cutting with M390 … S90V S110V; EDGE RETENTION: 8/10: 8/10: EASE OF SHARPNESS: 3/10: 5/10: CORROSION RESISTANCE: 6/10: 7/10: TOUGHNESS: 2/10: 3/10: S110V is slightly better in terms of corrosion resistance and toughness compared to S90V. United States. I would do some more digging on the H1 edge retention. Martensitic is a specific type of stainless steel alloy. I tested two conditions of S110V, one austenitized at 2050 and another at 2150°F, with both tempered at 500°F. Larrin, you could put your book’s cover photo on the top right cornor of every page with hyperlink, like the wood-database dose. … CPM S110V (Crucible): EoS = 1, ER = 10, Rc = 60 - 62; ... VS (very sharp) ES (extremely sharp) Here is a simple method I use to evaluate the sharpness of a knife and what I mean by these degrees of … regarding the problem of formation of large carbide particles , isn’t ball milling considered the most effective way to refine the carbides down to optimum size for edge retention/toughness combination ? S110V has somewhat more carbide than S90V, making it even more impressive that the carbide size is finer. In fact the revised datasheet shows all of the same data for corrosion resistance, hardness, and wear resistance despite the fact that the change in composition was relatively substantial. Compare. As mentioned in the article deburring is mostly an effect of retained austenite, and the recommended heat treatment for the steel isn’t necessarily the best for avoiding it. So being conservative we would say that S90V is tougher than S110V which has higher toughness than S125V. It uses third generation powder metal technology and developed for knife blades requiring excellent corrosion resistance and very high hardness for excellent wear resistance. That's what I hear a lot about H1, especially if it's serrated and how it develops a "working hardness". If they found a small amount of ferrite in S110V that would have contributed to the decision to increase Co, of course. Like many other very high wear resistance stainless steels (S90V, M398) it was developed for plastic injection applications which necessitate a combination of high wear resistance and high corrosion resistance. I put the two together, because I see toughness as being resilient to wear and tear, more akin to edge retention, but not quite the same. The results can be seen below. ... Para Military™ 2 G-10 Dark Blue CPM S110V… However, as explained above with S90V, balancing vanadium and chromium is challenging to obtain a high combination of wear resistance and corrosion resistance. That article explores a lot of aspects about cobalt because there isn’t much of a good reason to be in VG10 at all. M398 Steel. The Spyderco Manix 2 is a robust, highly ergonomic EDC knife designed by Eric Glesser. I did a large number of edge retention experiments which were summarized in this article, and I also added M398 which was discussed here. All of this in combination with the powder metallurgy technology gives S90V a relatively fine microstructure for good toughness along with high wear resistance from the high vanadium content. What austenitizing temperature did you use? It will just take a bit longer to make. 154CM, dating back to around 1959, had 4% Mo though the Mo addition was to maintain hardness at higher temperatures in bearing applications, not necessarily improved corrosion resistance. It's a close tie, but Maxamet wins in the end. It is made in Golden, Colorado and is available in a range of steel, handle, and lock variants. The reasoning and test results seem totally convincing, but I can imagine companies preferring to stick with the steel makers reccomended heat treatments. The EoS score that Matt Davidson gave D2 surprises me a bit. The high chromium affects the amount of vanadium carbide that is formed, and the high vanadium actually promotes the formation of chromium carbide, dropping corrosion resistance and toughness. One change to S110V was a reduction in Nb from 3.5% to 3%. Given my experience with Cruwear, I want something with really good corrosion resistance (which would point to S110V), but I also don't want to spend lots of time sharpening, and S110V is supposed to be a challenge. In choosing the best pocket knife you should pay particular attention to the type of steel used in the blade. Don't get me wrong, I love me some D2 and M4, but I'm not too big on rust. So while something may have amazing edge retention and wear resistance, it may be more prone to chipping or breaking when placed in a high stress situation. Compression. Additionally, people often associate hardness with “chippiness”. If s90 is similar to s110, I prefer the m390. Metallurgy and Testing of Knives and Steel. See more hardness measurements of S90V in this article. maxamet steel vs m390. That sounds low to me though I haven’t used JMatPro in the past to predict retained austenite. This makes sense because of the lower carbide content of S90V, while the smaller carbides of S110V provides better toughness than S125V despite the similar carbide content. Mouse over multi alloy graph bars to see exact values. This is not scientific, bit here goes. While M390 does have a higher overall value than Maxamet, the way I see it is that Maxamet has higher edge retention and wear resistance. Something like M390 doesn’t really have weaknesses, which to me is more important than something that has a couple strengths and a glaring weakness (like M4). Sheath. I don’t know the cause but I’m convinced it’s a real effect. Give me a basic steel that requires basic tools to sharpen to be used for basic tasks knives were mean’t for. Just saying it’s not so black and white. Maybe 0.4% if the effect of cobalt is linear to increase Ms. Also be careful that all of that is in solution at the austenitizing temperature you calculated for. In the end it cut 1,080 cuts on 5/8” manila rope with no edge damage and would still slice phone book paper. As I wrote in my M398 article, I am not a big fan of the steel because of its coarse structure and relatively low toughness. Somewhat surprisingly, they both resulted in identical toughness despite the higher austenitizing temperature leading to higher hardness. This does not appear to be an issue of experimental variability as none of the tests performed on S110V resulted in as high values as the average result of S90V (each was tested 3 times). I have a Salt knife and people grossly underestimate how it holds an edge. 440c is also a fairly similar steel composition wise so I don’t know why that’s ranked way below. And if the formation temperature is too high, carbides will form in the melt before the steel can be gas atomized to form the powder. While some steels might have incredible strengths, they may also have weaknesses. This is exactly why I don’t evaluate production knives to compare steels. I won’t buy S110 anymore even though I admit it is good on paper. Sort by: Spyderco Manix 2 C101GPDBL2 Folding Knife, 3.375" Plain Edge CPM-S110V Blade, Dark Blue G-10 Handle. I also still catch a good amount of it having pretty bad edge retention, and how it scratches extremely easily. Try as I might, I can’t get S110 to push cut paper at right angles. Different steels will transform to austenite at different temperatures. CPM S110V … CPM-S110V exhibits many of the same qualities as S90V. S110v is harder and more prone to chipping than m390. In heat treatments of S30V, S35VN, S45VN, and SPY27, an increase in austenitizing temperature was found to increase both hardness and toughness, so this result would be consistent with that. The full flat grind is, as usual, very nice. Keyboard Shortcuts - click to see the list. Chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, and tungsten are added to promote … Once again Maxamet fares well in edge retention, but lags in other measurements such as toughness, corrosion resistance, and difficulty in sharpening. I’m eventually going to stop plugging my book Knife Engineering in every new article, but that day is not today. In my original edge retention article I speculated that perhaps the smaller carbide size was the difference and I made some comparisons with the size of the abrasive particles used in the testing. However, the patent for S110V specifically calls out 154CM as a basis of design with its 14Cr-4Mo, providing good corrosion resistance with less Cr, and that can be seen in the initial version of S110V with 14Cr-3.5Mo. Disadvantages: Relatively difficult to sharpen. And - and this is not a popular opinion - S110V isn't necessarily better than S30V. This choice comes down to how important corrosion resistance is to the application. all powder metallurgy fabricated by hot isostatic pressure which is sooo expensive , adding a ball milling step just add a little to the cost . It does offer the best sharpenability of the very high edge retention stainless steels because of less vanadium carbide, however, and it also has very good corrosion resistance. Thanks to Aaron @ Gough Custom, Aaron McVay, Mark Scott, Jeffrey St. Claire, Grant Seim III, and saiiiiiii1 for becoming Knife Steel Nerds Patreon supporters! This would likely make the new version marginally worse in terms of toughness-wear resistance balance, as the original version had a higher proportion of NbC and VC and slightly less overall carbide. CPM S110V (Crucible): EoS = 1, ER = 10, Rc = 60 - 62; I have no experience with Elmax steel, but I have four pocket knives with D2 blades. M390. I didn’t mention clogging of the nozzle in this article as that is not the only issue. S110v for sale here at Blade HQ. CPM-S30V has become one of the most used premium steels on the market among knife manufacturers. Folding Knives with M390 Steel Automatic Knife Ordering Agreement IN COMPLIANCE WITH FEDERAL STATUTES , KnifeCenter, Inc requests that you read carefully the requirements set forth below, and … Very interesting article. Why is wear resistance bundled with toughness. But not S110. This behavior was seen with M390 when austenitizing too high. Does anyone know (and be allowed to share) if syderco (or any other commercial knifemakers) use the low range tempering temperatures Larrin reccomends with high speed type steels in cutlery applications. Toughness could absolutely be used to describe either the steel's ability to resist breaking or it's ability to resist constant wear. Spyderco Manix 2 Lightweight Maxamet Gray FRCP C101PGY2 ... Spyderco Manix 2 Limited Satin M390 … We’ve had a few customers that said with N690 they skinned a few animals and kept a great edge. Tip Carry Position . However, a revised version of the steel was released, and the datasheet was revised in July 2010. Spyderco Plain Edge M390 Blue G-10 Paramilitary 2 Bento Box Shop Exclusive: $217.95: Out of Stock: C81GPBLBK2: Spyderco Plain Edge M390 Black Blade Blue G-10 Paramilitary 2 Bento Box Shop Exclusive: $236.00: Out of Stock: C81GPDBL2: Spyderco Plain Edge CPM-S110V Dark Blue G-10 Paramilitary 2 : SALE* $280.00 $196.00 S110V is a powder metallurgy stainless tool steel with very high wear resistance. If you frequently use your knife to slice up cardboard, there may not be a better steel than CPM-S110V. To put S110V into context, we should compare the composition of the steel with previous Crucible products to see how the evolution led to S110V. As a side note, both the original and new version of the S110V datasheet shows the following for heat treatment/hardness data: However this primarily shows the hardness that results in the upper tempering range, where Mo has the biggest effect on hardness. I have owned the particular version of the knife with the S110V … New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Plus the m390 isn't as abundant as s110v variants so it's a tad more special. S110V is a steel that boasts extremely high wear resistance. vasco MA which contains only 0.5% C reach a maximum of 62 HRc while the M2 can reach 65-67 HRc due to presence of about 10% volume of undissolved carbides . Note that the values below are normalized to the hardness of the tested toughness specimens. The powdered granules of Chromium and Vanadium in the steel are small, consistently sized, and finely dispersed in the steel's matrix (mix) making it exceptionally homogenous. $260.00 $182.00. I have seen almost no discussion of the change in composition, and I think most people are unaware that it ever changed. Furthermore, there is some chromium present in vanadium carbide, further reducing corrosion resistance. Also m390 is a true stainless and being in Florida, I'd recommend m390 based purely on the stainless aspect. As far as "Ease of Sharpening" is concerned, generally the more wear resistance and toughness a steel has, the harder it is going to be to sharpen. Re: S110v vs M390 pm2 Post by Chumango » Tue Mar 07, 2017 1:06 pm PayneTrain wrote: So basically you've got one steel which I consider more user friendly for a little more money (M390), or one even more extreme performer for a little less (S110V). I haven’t performed a full range of heat treatment experiments on S110V, but comparisons with S90V show the two heat treating relatively similarly. ... Bohler Uddeholm M390. Something like M390 … I imagine a steel combining the corrosion resistance of marine-grade 316 stainless steel with the edge resistance of M4 , 15V or even Rex121 in the near future . I use very high temperature of 1220°C (2228°F) to ensure all carbides are all dissolved . The 86 mm (3.7 inch) S110V blade on this version of the Spyderco Manix 2 is nicely tapered. Comparison Points Maxamet S110V; Composite Materials: 13.00% Tungsten 10.00% Cobalt 6.00% … Is “Ease if Sharpening” part of “Toughness?”. The corrosion performance didn’t seems impressive . most of these carbides are of M6C type while only 1.7% by volume is vandium carbides . Lock Type. Maybe I just do not understand that D2 is supposed to be difficult to sharpen. Shop thousands of quality pocket knives from all the top knife brands including Benchmade, Spyderco, CRKT Cold Steel and more! S110V is a very interesting steel because of the innovations that went into its development, including a niobium addition for improved carbide structure and corrosion resistance, and cobalt addition to ensure it could be heat treated despite the excellent corrosion resistance. As a result, it is harder for manufacturers to work with. Learn more in this article about carbides. We're knife junkies, we're getting the best. why didn’t just replace the nickel in 316 steel for example by cobalt to make such steel “hardenable” ? However, I have some speculation about why the composition was changed. I will discuss the differences after describing more about the general design of the steel. Read more about niobium additions in this article. The Maxamet steel in considered as a “Super Steel”, So it’s a High-end Alloy steel, with an uncommon chemical composition, but I can say that the closest one to it is the CPM S110V(even if it’s stainless steel), in exception of wear resistance; the Maxamet is a great match for the S110v … It is extremely tough and hardy, meaning it will last a long time. I’d be interested in seeing where these rank as well. You wouldn’t want to baton wood with S110V when you can use something like 3V. Something like M390 doesn’t really have weaknesses, which to me is more important than something that has a couple strengths and a glaring weakness (like M4). However, a version of S125V with 2.7% Mo was in the S90V patent, which predated S30V, so it isn’t 100% clear in which direction inspiration occurred. However, S90V and the modified S110V (labeled 11V) have 11.5% Cr in solution while S110V (9Nb-3.5Nb) has 12.3% Cr in solution, which would provide better corrosion resistance. The main changes we expect from S45VN vs S35VN and S30V are an improvement in corrosion resistance due to the increase in Cr of about 1%. Niobium, like vanadium, forms very hard carbides that contribute greatly to wear resistance. There are two parts to this, the method and the … Both of these steels are a real bear to sharpen up! When knife steel is heat treated you have to heat it to high temperature to “austenitize” the steel prior to quenching to transform the steel to hard martensite. Posted less then minute ago | by | in General. The latter may … There are no knife steels with corrosion resistance equal to 316, perhaps Vanax or LC200N approaches 304 but it depends on what type of test is being performed. S110V has very high edge retention, as expected, being similar to CPM-10V. N/A. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. If more corrosion resistance is required then S110V is the way to go. S90V VS S110V. $135.00 $ … S110V: Spyderco Manix 2 Lightweight; CTS-XHP: Cold Steel Immortal; Sleipner: LionSteel SR-2A; LC200N: Spyderco Native 5 Salt; M390: We Knife Company Streak ; S35VN: Cold Steel Code 4. M390. However, a full replacement of vanadium with niobium is difficult to do. Especially damasteel. Shop thousands of quality pocket knives from all the top knife brands including Benchmade, Spyderco, CRKT Cold Steel and more! I have asked current Crucible metallurgist Bob Skibitski as well as the main inventor on the patent, Alojz Kajinic, and neither knew why the change was made as they were not directly involved with it. The S110V Military started off at 9 lbs of down force. : 602 415 932, Po -Pá 7 - 15.30 Because Crucible already had steels S90V and S125V prior to S110V we have to discuss briefly the history of those steels. All of the following experiments were performed on the later version of S110V, as that is all that is available to purchase. That being said, there are too many sharpening mediums and techniques out there to make a relative comparison of that at this time. The lock is made up of a few components. And niobium carbide contains very little chromium. Martensitic is a specific type of stainless steel alloy. Spyderco Manix 2 Lightweight S110V Dark Blue FRCP C101PDBL2 . Select steels from the Interactive Knife Steel Composition Chart. There absolutely needs to be a "Toughness" category in this rating system. Matching 316 corrosion resistance while also reaching 60+ Rc would be very difficult even with cobalt. Become a patron and gain access to awesome rewards including early access to articles or a Knife Steel Nerds mug! Not to upstage the OP; these conversations are, IMO, productive exercises for a community and there's always room for one more chart so long as we can agree on ways to make it a good one. Replacing nickel with cobalt in 316 would not make it hardenable has it would still need significant amounts of carbon to form hard martensite. and again adding fine carbides will adds to both hardness and edge resistance . Your email address will not be published. 22:06. Instead, the inventors of S110V used cobalt, which is an austenite stabilizer at high temperatures but does not increase retained austenite when quenching to martensite, unlike Ni and Mn. This improvement in corrosion resistance was expected based on the modifications with Nb and Mo that were described earlier. S110V=26 Maxamet=24 M390=26. looks like you are missing cts-204p. We are launching a slip joint folder next month and the blade would be made out of RWL34. Because niobium is a strong carbide former, it wants to form carbides at very high temperatures, often in the liquid steel. It could be that Crucible decided that the niobium was too close to the danger zone. In terms of carbide differences, the total carbide content was slightly increased in the final version, primarily from an increase in chromium carbide (labeled M7C3 below). I would like to note that purely for comparison purposes, stainless steels will be ranked better than their non-stainless counterparts simply because of corrosion resistance. One of the major changes that was being made to S110V when compared to S90V/S125V was the addition of niobium. Therefore, I see the main choice being between S110V and S90V for best very high edge retention stainless. The first steel we’re going to look at is S35VN, and one of the best deals on this steel comes in the form of the Cold Steel Code 4. adding niobium carbide “if all regarding problems solved” to this steel can push hardness/edge retention to a very high numbers . Special shout-out to u/Darkdistroi for the inspiration and keeping me occupied at work last night, it was slow. Over the years there have been a vast number of variations and sprint runs using various steels and handle materials.Steels have run the gamut from ATS-34 back in the 1990’s to CPM S30V in the early 2000’s and now the cov… Para Military™ 2 G-10 Dark Blue CPM S110V. However, Crucible’s testing was with the original S110V which, as I described before, would have a greater proportion of NbC and VC carbides for wear resistance. Another benefit of a partial replacement of vanadium with niobium is that the carbide size is reduced. The patent for the steel was first filed in 2006 by inventors Alojz Kajinic, Andrzej Wojcieszynski, and Maria Sawford, all of Crucible Steel. I have two Spydercos in S110 and a Benchmade in S90. M390 is a better steel but N690 is still very good. The Spyderco Military was introduced in the early 1990’s by Sal Glesser as a knife designed to be carried by military personnel. It works pretty well (albeit a bit slow) on S30V. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Same techniques and tools – DMT plates, ceramic rods, diamond paste strops. And in the more recent comparison directly with M398, S110V again performed similarly. It cut aggressively and clean making a loud crunching sound. This might be happening because the knives are from different manufacturers, using different heat treat and blade grinds? Yes–I own knives in varied higher end steels, but I really do not care for them at all compared to my basic steels. using 5% Ni instead gives Ms of about -66°C (-87°F) . Perhaps they identified high Mo as an issue as well, such as difficulty in annealing or excessive hardenability leading to cracking during cooling after forging. Additionally, people often associate … The steel has good properties including high edge retention and corrosion resistance along with decent toughness. Home > Knives > Steels. The reduction in Nb may have led to the other changes in the steel. S110V is designed to be heat treated between 2050 and 2150°F so the steel would need to be austenitized in that range. 4-position. I covered the history of them in more detail in a previous article. CPM-S110V. I have 3 spyderco Native 5’s in S110V, S90V and in Maxamet. My S110V CATRA knife has no issues with getting sharp or in deburring it. M390 is also 3 times the price of N690. So why should Maxamet be considered more premium than M390? UNIMOS CR, spol. In Crucible’s wear resistance testing of the original S110V, they show the following chart for wear resistance, that appears to show an improvement over S90V: However, if you plot those values versus hardness it becomes apparent that the two steels have the same wear resistance: So Crucible’s data shows that there was no improvement in wear resistance from S90V to S110V, which lines up relatively well with our edge retention testing. Feel free to give recommendations on steels to add, call me out on my bullshit, or whatever. The M390 … there is no doubt that if all of these 10% carbides are vanadium or niobium carbides instead of mostly M6C carbides which are much softer the hardness will be increased slightly , while the edge resistance will be increased greatly and still retaining the same toughness . Model # SP-C101PDBL2 . S110V has a similar Mo content as well so it should still have better corrosion resistance than S45VN. In the custom knife making world it is common for makers to select a few particular steels and use them in an almost exclusive fashion. The upside is an edge that just won’t quit and as previously mentioned, Spyderco are not ones to shrink away from a challenge. a mix) of carbon and iron that is often enriched with other elements to improve certain characteristics depending on the desired application. So why should Maxamet be considered more premium than M390? If anyone hasn't seen Larrin's site: https://knifesteelnerds.com/. S110V: Spyderco Manix 2 Lightweight. I didn’t know how realistic is Jmatpro but I’m sure that 0.5% carbon should secure 55-60 HRc hardess . Since Nb improves corrosion resistance by helping the Cr go further, they may have attempted to compensate for the reduction in Nb by increasing the bulk Cr from 14% to 15.25%. I use my knife all day long opening boxes/ cutting different cords and I can still slice paper at the end of the day. About Us; The Corporate Commitment; HII Philosophy of Coaching; Meet the Founder M390 is a martensitic chromium steel highly resistant to corrosion. S110V=26 Maxamet=24 M390=26. Previous steels like S60V, Elmax, and M390 all had 17-20% Cr which gave them more chromium carbide and less vanadium carbide. So more heat treatments would have to be tested to see if greater toughness at lower hardness could be achieved. This specific variant is the G-10 model in CPM S110V steel. This was confirmed in tests reported in the patent, where a cobalt free version had some ferrite present after heat treatment, and only reached about 54 Rc. Grind. is there is a heat treatable knife steel have a corrosion resistance equal to 316 or even 304 steels ? Once the carbides have formed in the melt they are significantly larger than if they form during solidification of the powder, reducing toughness. Originally conceived as a heavy duty workhorse with G-10 scales, steel liners, and a back-lock, the Spyderco Manix was reinvented in later editions as a lightweight model of the same proportions. S110V=26 Maxamet=24 M390=26. An alternative to r/knives. S110v for sale here at Blade HQ. Below I have plotted the steel also in relation to other stainless steels along with a hardness-toughness trendline from S60V. Here's a little chart that I'm going to try and keep up with comparing knife steels. M390. S90V VS M390. So why should Maxamet be considered more premium than M390? These two factors mean that using niobium instead of vanadium can lead to a steel with high wear resistance from hard niobium carbides, while having high corrosion resistance because there is little interaction between chromium and niobium, leaving the chromium alone to contribute to corrosion resistance.

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